After a brief review of the history of this prob- lem, five different approaches to its solution are described. We show that even within the impact parameter entering into the photon's differential equation, and which is defined here with exclusive reference to the beam of light as it bends around the central mass, lies the contribution of the cosmological constant. d. gravity. c. dark energy.
PDF | On Jan 1, 2008, M. Nowakowski and others published Local effects of the Cosmological Constant | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

A cosmological constant term added to the standard model Big Bang theory leads to a model that appears to be consistent with the observed large-scale distribution of galaxies and clusters, with WMAP's measurements of cosmic microwave background fluctuations, and with the observed properties of X-ray clusters. b. the Big Bang. The Cosmological Constant: How Einstein’s ‘greatest blunder’ became an expanding problem The Universe is expanding, of that much cosmologists are sure.

In our endeavour for exploring related effects we have chosen two state-of-the-art equations of state and solved the general relativistic equations with cosmological constant as presented in [16, 21]. In 1992, Weinberg refined this prediction of the cosmological constant to 5 to 10 times the matter density. The real story is more complicated, and more interesting. Not terribly precise. The cosmological constant problem Steven Weinberg Theory Group, Department ofPhysics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 7871Z Astronomical observations indicate that the cosmological constant is many orders of magnitude smaller than estimated in modern theories of elementary particles. 023 ) × 1 0 − 52 m − 2 (valid for the time the CMB was formed). In 1994, Wendy Freedman and her team were able to use data from the Hubble telescope to refine that estimate to between 8 and 12 billion years. Cosmological constant, term reluctantly added by Albert Einstein to his equations of general relativity in order to obtain a solution to the equations that described a static universe… We take another look at the equations behind the description of light bending in a Universe with a cosmological constant. Using this argument, Weinberg predicted that the cosmological constant would have a value of less than a hundred times the currently accepted value. The analysis of CMB fluctuations [8] has established the currently best quantitative value of Λ = ( 1 .

2 Cosmology with a cosmological constant. M=2mr p= — k ' 6 (2.4) 4 In some popular history accounts, it was Hubble' s discovery of the expansion of the universe that led Ein-stein to retract his proposal of a cosmological constant. We have found that the typical values for Λ to have an observable effect in compact stars are of the order of Λ = 10 − 8 − 10 − 10 m − 2. 2.1 Cosmological parameters. The cosmological constant accounts for the effects of a. dark matter. The Cosmological Constant: How Einstein’s ‘greatest blunder’ became an expanding problem The Universe is expanding, of that much cosmologists are sure. Up to this point, the best estimate for the age of the Universe was between 10 and 20 billion years old. The cosmological constant (non)-problem Outline E. Bianchi (CPT, Marseille) 2/20 The universe is expanding.Observations indicate that its expansion is speeding up.

To account for this acceleration, a mysterious substance – That seemed to be the end of the cosmological constant’s purpose until the 1990’s. 106 ± 0 . For a good nonmathematical description of the cosmological constant problem, see Abbott (1988). Lifshitz theory of the cosmological constant Ulf Leonhardt Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel October 8, 2019 Abstract Astrophysics has given empirical evidence for the cosmological constant that ac-celerates the expansion of the universe.